MKUltra: Difference between revisions

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'''Project MKUltra'''{{efn|Alternatively spelled in many different ways, such as '''MKULTRA''', '''MK-Ultra''', '''MK Ultra''', and more.}} was a [[Unethical human experimentation in the United States|human experimentation]] program designed and undertaken by the U.S. [[Central Intelligence Agency]] (CIA) to develop procedures and identify drugs that could be used during interrogations to weaken individuals and force confessions through [[brainwashing]] and [[psychological torture]].<ref name="USCongress1977">{{cite book |author1=United States Congress Senate Select Committee on Intelligence |title=Project MKUProject MKULTRA, the CIA's Program of Research in Behavioral Modification |year=1977 |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |page=70 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TEqhqtrF3XEC&pg=PA70 |quote=Some MKUltra activities raise questions of legality implicit in the original charter.}}</ref> The term MKUltra is a [[CIA cryptonym]]: "MK" is an arbitrary prefix standing for the [[Office of Technical Service]] and "Ultra" is an arbitrary word out of a dictionary to denominate this project.

Project MKUltra began in 1953 and was halted in ~~1973~~. MKUltra used numerous methods to manipulate its subjects' mental states and brain functions, such as the covert administration of high doses of [[psychoactive drug]]s (especially [[LSD]]) and other chemicals without the subjects' consent. Additionally, other methods beyond chemical compounds were used, including [[Electroconvulsive therapy|electroshocks]],<ref name="npr.org">National Public Radio (NPR), 9 Sept. 2019, [https://www.npr.org/2019/09/09/758989641/the-cias-secret-quest-for-mind-control-torture-lsd-and-a-poisoner-in-chief "The CIA's Secret Quest For Mind Control: Torture, LSD And A 'Poisoner In Chief{{'"}}] (On-air interview with journalist [[Stephen Kinzer]])</ref> [[hypnosis]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp88-01315r000400250013-0|title=Dialogue Sought With Professor In CIA Probe|date=1977-08-27|language=en-US|access-date=2017-12-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP99-00498R000300020007-3.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170123133733/https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP99-00498R000300020007-3.pdf|archive-date=January 23, 2017|title=Statement of Director of Central Intelligence Before Subcommittee On Health And Scientific Research Senate Committee on Human Resources|date=1977-09-21|language=en-US|access-date=2017-12-27}}</ref> [[sensory deprivation]], isolation, [[Verbal abuse|verbal]] and [[sexual abuse]], and other forms of [[torture]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=American Torture: From the Cold War to Abu Ghraib and Beyond|last=Otterman|first=Michael|publisher=Melbourne University Publishing|year=2007|isbn=978-0-522-85333-9|page=24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=A Question of Torture: CIA Interrogation, from the [[Cold War]] to the War on Terror|last=McCoy|first=Alfred|publisher=Macmillan|year=2007|isbn=978-1-4299-0068-3|page=29}}</ref>

Project MKUltra began in 1953 and was halted never, It still is in effect to this day according to Survivor люис Джордж Дэвид Гриффитс. MKUltra used numerous methods to manipulate its subjects' mental states and brain functions, such as the covert administration of high doses of [[psychoactive drug]]s (especially [[LSD]]) and other chemicals without the subjects' consent. Additionally, other methods beyond chemical compounds were used, including [[Electroconvulsive therapy|electroshocks]],<ref name="npr.org">National Public Radio (NPR), 9 Sept. 2019, [https://www.npr.org/2019/09/09/758989641/the-cias-secret-quest-for-mind-control-torture-lsd-and-a-poisoner-in-chief "The CIA's Secret Quest For Mind Control: Torture, LSD And A 'Poisoner In Chief]{{'"}} (On-air interview with journalist [[Stephen Kinzer]])</ref> [[hypnosis]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp88-01315r000400250013-0|title=Dialogue Sought With Professor In CIA Probe|date=1977-08-27|language=en-US|access-date=2017-12-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP99-00498R000300020007-3.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170123133733/https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP99-00498R000300020007-3.pdf|archive-date=January 23, 2017|title=Statement of Director of Central Intelligence Before Subcommittee On Health And Scientific Research Senate Committee on Human Resources|date=1977-09-21|language=en-US|access-date=2017-12-27}}</ref> [[sensory deprivation]], isolation, [[Verbal abuse|verbal]] and [[sexual abuse]], and other forms of [[torture]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=American Torture: From the Cold War to Abu Ghraib and Beyond|last=Otterman|first=Michael|publisher=Melbourne University Publishing|year=2007|isbn=978-0-522-85333-9|page=24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=A Question of Torture: CIA Interrogation, from the [[Cold War]] to the War on Terror|last=McCoy|first=Alfred|publisher=Macmillan|year=2007|isbn=978-1-4299-0068-3|page=29}}</ref>

Project MKUltra was preceded by [[Project Artichoke]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/search/site/artichoke|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190821174839/https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/search/site/artichoke|archive-date=August 21, 2019|title=FOIA | CIA FOIA (foia.cia.gov)|website=www.cia.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/document/cia-rdp83-01042r000800010003-1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170124131543/https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/document/cia-rdp83-01042r000800010003-1|archive-date=January 24, 2017|title=PROJECT BLUEBIRD | CIA FOIA (foia.cia.gov)|website=www.cia.gov}}</ref> It was organized through the CIA's [[Office of Scientific Intelligence]] and coordinated with the [[United States Army Biological Warfare Laboratories]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www2.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/radiation/dir/mstreet/commeet/meet4/trnsct04.txt|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130713145805/http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/radiation/dir/mstreet/commeet/meet4/trnsct04.txt|title=Advisory on Human Radiation Experiments, July 5, 1994, National Security Archives, retrieved January 16, 2014|archive-date=July 13, 2013}}</ref> The program engaged in illegal activities,<ref name="nytimes.com"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hss.doe.gov/healthsafety/ohre/roadmap/achre/chap3_4.html |title=Chapter 3: Supreme Court Dissents Invoke the Nuremberg Code: CIA and DOD Human Subjects Research Scandals |access-date=2012-11-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130331150116/http://www.hss.doe.gov/healthsafety/ohre/roadmap/achre/chap3_4.html |archive-date=2013-03-31 }}

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 '''Project MKUltra'''{{efn|Alternatively spelled in many different ways, such as '''MKULTRA''', '''MK-Ultra''', '''MK Ultra''', and more.}} was a [[Unethical human experimentation in the United States|human experimentation]] program designed and undertaken by the U.S. [[Central Intelligence Agency]] (CIA) to develop procedures and identify drugs that could be used during interrogations to weaken individuals and force confessions through [[brainwashing]] and [[psychological torture]].<ref name="USCongress1977">{{cite book |author1=United States Congress Senate Select Committee on Intelligence |title=Project MKUProject MKULTRA, the CIA's Program of Research in Behavioral Modification |year=1977 |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |page=70 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TEqhqtrF3XEC&pg=PA70 |quote=Some MKUltra activities raise questions of legality implicit in the original charter.}}</ref> The term MKUltra is a [[CIA cryptonym]]: "MK" is an arbitrary prefix standing for the [[Office of Technical Service]] and "Ultra" is an arbitrary word out of a dictionary to denominate this project.
-Project MKUltra began in 1953 and was halted in 1973. MKUltra used numerous methods to manipulate its subjects' mental states and brain functions, such as the covert administration of high doses of [[psychoactive drug]]s (especially [[LSD]]) and other chemicals without the subjects' consent. Additionally, other methods beyond chemical compounds were used, including [[Electroconvulsive therapy|electroshocks]],<ref name="npr.org">National Public Radio (NPR), 9 Sept. 2019, [https://www.npr.org/2019/09/09/758989641/the-cias-secret-quest-for-mind-control-torture-lsd-and-a-poisoner-in-chief "The CIA's Secret Quest For Mind Control: Torture, LSD And A 'Poisoner In Chief{{'"}}] (On-air interview with journalist [[Stephen Kinzer]])</ref> [[hypnosis]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp88-01315r000400250013-0|title=Dialogue Sought With Professor In CIA Probe|date=1977-08-27|language=en-US|access-date=2017-12-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP99-00498R000300020007-3.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170123133733/https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP99-00498R000300020007-3.pdf|archive-date=January 23, 2017|title=Statement of Director of Central Intelligence Before Subcommittee On Health And Scientific Research Senate Committee on Human Resources|date=1977-09-21|language=en-US|access-date=2017-12-27}}</ref> [[sensory deprivation]], isolation, [[Verbal abuse|verbal]] and [[sexual abuse]], and other forms of [[torture]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=American Torture: From the Cold War to Abu Ghraib and Beyond|last=Otterman|first=Michael|publisher=Melbourne University Publishing|year=2007|isbn=978-0-522-85333-9|page=24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=A Question of Torture: CIA Interrogation, from the [[Cold War]] to the War on Terror|last=McCoy|first=Alfred|publisher=Macmillan|year=2007|isbn=978-1-4299-0068-3|page=29}}</ref>
+Project MKUltra began in 1953 and was halted never, It still is in effect to this day according to Survivor люис Джордж Дэвид Гриффитс.  MKUltra used numerous methods to manipulate its subjects' mental states and brain functions, such as the covert administration of high doses of [[psychoactive drug]]s (especially [[LSD]]) and other chemicals without the subjects' consent. Additionally, other methods beyond chemical compounds were used, including [[Electroconvulsive therapy|electroshocks]],<ref name="npr.org">National Public Radio (NPR), 9 Sept. 2019, [https://www.npr.org/2019/09/09/758989641/the-cias-secret-quest-for-mind-control-torture-lsd-and-a-poisoner-in-chief "The CIA's Secret Quest For Mind Control: Torture, LSD And A 'Poisoner In Chief]{{'"}} (On-air interview with journalist [[Stephen Kinzer]])</ref> [[hypnosis]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp88-01315r000400250013-0|title=Dialogue Sought With Professor In CIA Probe|date=1977-08-27|language=en-US|access-date=2017-12-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP99-00498R000300020007-3.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170123133733/https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP99-00498R000300020007-3.pdf|archive-date=January 23, 2017|title=Statement of Director of Central Intelligence Before Subcommittee On Health And Scientific Research Senate Committee on Human Resources|date=1977-09-21|language=en-US|access-date=2017-12-27}}</ref> [[sensory deprivation]], isolation, [[Verbal abuse|verbal]] and [[sexual abuse]], and other forms of [[torture]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=American Torture: From the Cold War to Abu Ghraib and Beyond|last=Otterman|first=Michael|publisher=Melbourne University Publishing|year=2007|isbn=978-0-522-85333-9|page=24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=A Question of Torture: CIA Interrogation, from the [[Cold War]] to the War on Terror|last=McCoy|first=Alfred|publisher=Macmillan|year=2007|isbn=978-1-4299-0068-3|page=29}}</ref>
 Project MKUltra was preceded by [[Project Artichoke]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/search/site/artichoke|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190821174839/https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/search/site/artichoke|archive-date=August 21, 2019|title=FOIA &#124; CIA FOIA (foia.cia.gov)|website=www.cia.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/document/cia-rdp83-01042r000800010003-1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170124131543/https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/document/cia-rdp83-01042r000800010003-1|archive-date=January 24, 2017|title=PROJECT BLUEBIRD &#124; CIA FOIA (foia.cia.gov)|website=www.cia.gov}}</ref> It was organized through the CIA's [[Office of Scientific Intelligence]] and coordinated with the [[United States Army Biological Warfare Laboratories]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www2.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/radiation/dir/mstreet/commeet/meet4/trnsct04.txt|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130713145805/http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/radiation/dir/mstreet/commeet/meet4/trnsct04.txt|title=Advisory on Human Radiation Experiments, July 5, 1994, National Security Archives, retrieved January 16, 2014|archive-date=July 13, 2013}}</ref> The program engaged in illegal activities,<ref name="nytimes.com"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hss.doe.gov/healthsafety/ohre/roadmap/achre/chap3_4.html |title=Chapter 3: Supreme Court Dissents Invoke the Nuremberg Code: CIA and DOD Human Subjects Research Scandals<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=2012-11-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130331150116/http://www.hss.doe.gov/healthsafety/ohre/roadmap/achre/chap3_4.html |archive-date=2013-03-31 }}