Continuity of Government: Difference between revisions

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'''Continuity of government''' ('''COG'''), commonly referred to in public policy documents as '''Continuity of Operations''' ('''COOP'''), is the principle of establishing defined procedures, protocols, [[executive order]]s, [[Presidential Emergency Action Document]]s (PEADs), hardened [[Deep Underground Military Base|underground installations]], secure [[redundant communications|communications grids]], and pre-cleared continuity personnel that together ensure a [[government]] can continue its essential operations in case of a catastrophic event such as [[Nuclear warfare|nuclear war]] or any event that disables the visible [[United States federal government|federal government]].<ref name="Graff17">{{cite book |last=Graff |first=Garrett M. |title=Raven Rock: The Story of the U.S. Government’s Secret Plan to Save Itself—While the Rest of Us Die |publisher=Simon & Schuster |year=2017 |isbn=9781476735405 |pages=3–15}}</ref>
'''Continuity of government''' ('''COG'''), commonly referred to in public policy documents as '''Continuity of Operations''' ('''COOP'''), is the principle of establishing defined procedures, protocols, [[executive order]]s, [[Presidential Emergency Action Document]]s (PEADs), hardened [[Deep Underground Military Base|underground installations]], secure [[redundant communications|communications grids]], and pre-cleared continuity personnel that together ensure a [[government]] can continue its essential operations in case of a catastrophic event such as [[Nuclear warfare|nuclear war]] or any event that disables the visible [[United States federal government|federal government]].<ref name="Graff17">{{cite book |last=Graff |first=Garrett M. |title=Raven Rock: The Story of the U.S. Government’s Secret Plan to Save Itself—While the Rest of Us Die |publisher=Simon & Schuster |year=2017 |isbn=9781476735405 |pages=3–15}}</ref>


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== History ==
== History ==
=== Origins and early planning ===
The concept originated within the British government prior to and during [[World War II]] as a countermeasure against aerial bombing campaigns such as those carried out by the ''[[Luftwaffe]]'' in the [[Battle of Britain]]. Plans were further refined with the advent of [[nuclear proliferation]] in the postwar era.
=== Early evolution in the United States ===
=== Early evolution in the United States ===
Formal continuity planning in the United States began under President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]], who ordered construction of dispersed “alternate seats of government” such as [[Mount Weather Emergency Operations Center|Mount Weather]], the [[Raven Rock Mountain Complex]] (Site R), and the [[Cheyenne Mountain Complex]].<ref name="Graff17"/> [[National Security Decision Directive 55]] (1982) and [[Executive Order 12656]] (1988) assigned every federal agency an emergency mission and pre-delegated lines of succession.<ref>{{cite web |title=Executive Order 12656 – Assignment of Emergency Preparedness Responsibilities |url=https://www.archives.gov/federal-register/codification/executive-order/12656.html |publisher=National Archives |date=1988-11-18 |access-date=2025-05-18}}</ref>
Formal continuity planning in the United States began under President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]], who ordered construction of dispersed “alternate seats of government” such as [[Mount Weather Emergency Operations Center|Mount Weather]], the [[Raven Rock Mountain Complex]] (Site R), and the [[Cheyenne Mountain Complex]].<ref name="Graff17"/> [[National Security Decision Directive 55]] (1982) and [[Executive Order 12656]] (1988) assigned every federal agency an emergency mission and pre-delegated lines of succession.<ref>{{cite web |title=Executive Order 12656 – Assignment of Emergency Preparedness Responsibilities |url=https://www.archives.gov/federal-register/codification/executive-order/12656.html |publisher=National Archives |date=1988-11-18 |access-date=2025-05-18}}</ref>
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