Editing Scotia (barque)

{{Short description|Steamship and research vessel}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2017}}
{|{{Infobox ship begin |infobox caption=}} <!-- age of sail --><!-- caption: yes, nodab, or <caption text> -->
{{Infobox ship image
|Ship image=File:Scotia on Laurie Island.jpg
|Ship image size=300px
|Ship caption=''Scotia'' at Laurie Island, 1903
}}
{{Infobox ship career
|Hide header=
|Ship country=
|Ship flag=
|Ship name=*''Hekla'' (1872–1902)
*''Scotia'' (1902–16)
|Ship owner=*S S Svendsen (1872–96)
*N Bugge (1896–98)
*A/S Sæl- og Hvalfangerskib Hekla (1898–1900)
*A/S Hecla (1900–02)
*W S Bruce (1902–05)
|Ship operator=*S S Svendsen (1872–96)
*N Bugge (1896–98)
*M C Tvethe (1898–1900)
*A Marcussen (1900–02)
*W S Bruce (1902–05)
*Board of Trade (1912–14)
|Ship ordered=
|Ship builder=Jørgensen & Knudsen
|Ship original cost=
|Ship laid down=
|Ship launched=1872
|Ship registry=*{{flagicon|Norway|1844}} Sandefjord, Norway (1872–96)
*{{flagicon|Norway|1844}} Tønsberg (1896–98)
*{{flagicon|Norway|1844}} Christiania (1898–99)
*{{flagicon|Norway}} Christiania (1899–1900)
*{{flagicon|Norway}} Sandefjord (1900–02)
*{{flagicon|UKGBI|civil}} United Kingdom (1902–16)
|Ship commissioned=
|Ship decommissioned=
|Ship in service=
|Ship out of service=18 January 1916
|Ship renamed=
|Ship struck=
|Ship reinstated=
|Ship honours=
|Ship honors=
|Ship captured=
|Ship fate=Caught fire and sank
|Ship notes=
}}
{{Infobox ship characteristics
|Hide header=
|Header caption=
|Ship class=*Sealer and whaler (1872–1902)
*Research vessel (1902–04)
*Sealer and whaler (1904–12)
*Weather ship (1912–14)
*Collier (1914–16)
|Ship tonnage={{GRT|375}}
|Ship length={{convert|139|ft|6|in|m|1}}
|Ship beam={{convert|28|ft|9|in|m|1}}
|Ship depth={{convert|15|ft|6|in|m|1}}
|Ship hold depth=
|Ship power=Steam engine (1902–16)
|Ship propulsion=Sails, later sails and screw propeller
|Ship sail plan=[[Barque]]
|Ship complement=
|Ship speed={{convert|7|kn|km/h}}
|Ship armament=
|Ship notes=
}}
|}

'''''Scotia''''' was a [[barque]] that was built in 1872 as the Norwegian [[whaler]] '''''Hekla'''''. She was purchased in 1902 by [[William Speirs Bruce]] and refitted as a research vessel for use by the [[Scottish National Antarctic Expedition]]. After the expedition, she served as a [[seal hunting|sealer]], [[patrol boat|patrol vessel]] and collier. She was destroyed by fire in January 1916.

==Description==
The ship was {{convert|139|ft|6|in|m|1}}, with a beam of {{convert|28|ft|9|in|m|1}}. She had a depth of {{convert|15|ft|6|in|m|1}}. The ship was assessed at {{GRT|375}}.<ref name=Hekla>{{cite web |url=http://www.lardex.net/andersmarcussen/skipstekst/1900hekla.htm |title=1900 Seil/DS HEKLA (048190001) |publisher=Lardex |language=no |access-date=17 July 2015 |archive-date=3 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190803064533/http://www.lardex.net/andersmarcussen/skipstekst/1900hekla.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==History==
''Hekla'' was built as a [[barque]] in 1872 by Jørgensen & Knudsen, [[Drammen]] for S. S. Svendsen of [[Sandefjord]].<ref name=Hekla/> She was used as a [[seal hunting|sealer]], making voyages to the east coast of Greenland from 1872 to 1882 and to [[Scoresby Sound]] in 1892.<ref name=Stamp/> In 1896, she was sold to N. Bugge, [[Tønsberg]]. She was sold in 1898 to A/S Sæl- og Hvalfangerskib Hekla, [[Oslo|Christiania]] and was placed under the management of M. C. Tvethe. ''Hekla'' was sold in 1900 to A/S Hecla, Sandefjord, operated under the management of Anders Marcussen.<ref name=Hekla/>

In 1902, she was purchased by [[William Speirs Bruce]] for [[Norwegian krone|kr 45,000]] ([[Pound sterling|£2,650]]). She was renamed ''Scotia'' and was rebuilt by the [[Ailsa Shipbuilding Company]] for use as a research vessel by the [[Scottish National Antarctic Expedition]]. The ship was strengthened internally, with beams {{convert|25|in|mm}} thick added to resist the pressure of ice whilst in the Antarctic.<ref name=Hekla/> A new [[steam engine]] was fitted, which drove a single screw propeller. It could propel the vessel at {{convert|7|kn|km/h}}.<ref name=Times170902>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=British Association |date=17 September 1902 |page=4 |issue=36875 |column=A-F }}</ref> The work was supervised by [[Fridtjof Nansen]]. When the conversion of the ship was complete, she was inspected by [[Colin Archer]], who had prepared ''[[Fram (ship)|Fram]]'' for [[Nansen's Fram expedition|Nansen's 1893 expedition to the Arctic]].<ref name=Hekla/> Thomas Robertson was appointed captain of ''Scotia''. He had twenty years' experience of sailing in the [[Arctic]] and [[Antarctic]] on board the [[whaler]]s ''Active'' and ''Balaena''. Sea trials of the rebuilt ship were conducted in August 1902.<ref name=UoG>{{cite web |url=http://special.lib.gla.ac.uk/exhibns/month/apr2004.html |title=William Speirs Bruce Photographs from the Scotia Antarctic Expedition |publisher=University of Glasgow |access-date=17 July 2015}}</ref>

''Scotia'' sailed on 2 November 1902 for the Antarctic. She arrived at the [[Falkland Islands]] on 6 January 1903,<ref name=Times130103>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=The Scottish National Antarctic Expedition |date=13 January 1903 |page=4 |issue=36976 |column=F }}</ref> She then sailed to [[Laurie Island]], [[South Orkney Islands]] where she arrived on 25 March. ''Scotia'' overwintered in [[Scotia Bay]],<ref name=Stamp/> where she was frozen in for eight months.<ref name=Times230804>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=Scottish National Antarctic Expedition |date=23 August 1904 |page=6 |issue=37480 |column=A-D }}</ref> She departed for the Falkland Islands on 27 November,<ref name=Stamp/> en route for [[Buenos Aires]], Argentina where she underwent a refit.{{sfn|Speak|2003|pp=90-98}} ''Scotia'' returned to Laurie Island on 14 February 1904, sailing eight days later for the [[Weddell Sea]]. She departed from the Antarctic on 21 March.<ref name=Stamp/> Calling at [[Saint Helena]] in June,<ref name=Times070604>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=The Scottish Antarctic Expedition |date=7 June 1904 |page=10 |issue=37414 |column=E }}</ref> she arrived at [[Millport, Cumbrae]], [[Ayrshire]] on 21 July,<ref name=UoG/> and was escorted by a number of ships to her final destination of [[Gourock]], [[Renfrewshire]].<ref name=Times220704>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=Return of the Scottish Antarctic Expedition |date=22 July 1904 |page=6 |issue=37453 |column=D-E }}</ref>

Following the expedition, it was planned that ''Scotia'' would see further use by the universities of Scotland as a research vessel. However, she was sold by [[auction]] in an effort to recoup some of the costs of the expedition.<ref name=Hekla/><ref name=Times240116>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=The last of the Scotia |date=24 January 1916 |page=5 |issue=41071 |column=D }}</ref> She served as a sealer and [[whaler]] until 1913, operating off the coast of Greenland.<ref name=Stamp/><ref name=Stamp2/> Following the loss of {{RMS|Titanic||2}},<ref name=Stamp/> she was then [[bareboat charter|chartered]] by the [[Board of Trade]] for use as a [[weather ship]] on the [[Grand Banks of Newfoundland]], warning shipping of [[iceberg]]s.<ref name=Hekla/><ref name=UoG/><ref name=Stamp2/> A [[Marconi Company|Marconi]] [[wireless telegraphy|wireless]] was installed to enable her to communicate with stations on the coast of [[Labrador]] and [[Dominion of Newfoundland|Newfoundland]].<ref name=Times150213>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=The ice danger in the North Atlantic |date=15 February 1913 |page=4 |issue=40136 |column=C }}</ref> Following this, she became a [[collier (ship type)|collier]],<ref name=Stamp/> sailing between the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]] and France. On 18 January 1916,<ref name=Hekla/> she caught fire and was burnt out in the [[Bristol Channel]] off [[Sully Island]], [[Glamorgan]].<ref name=Stamp2/> Her crew survived.<ref name=Hekla/>

==Legacy==
''Scotia'' was depicted on a [[£sd|5/-]] stamp issued by the [[Falkland Islands]].<ref name=Hekla/>
She was also depicted on two stamps issued by the [[British Antarctic Territory]].<ref name=Stamp>{{cite web |url=http://antarctic-paintings.com/st-definitives-bruce.htm |title=65p Dr William Speirs Bruce, 1872-1921 |publisher=antarctic-paintings.com |access-date=17 July 2015}}</ref><ref name=Stamp2>{{cite web |url=http://www.mikeskidmore.supanet.com/st-br-scotia.htm |title=45p SY Scotia |publisher=Mike Skidmore |access-date=17 July 2015 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030922142819/http://www.mikeskidmore.supanet.com/st-br-scotia.htm |archive-date=22 September 2003 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

The [[Hekla Sound]] in northeast Greenland was named by the ill-fated 1906-1908 [[Denmark expedition]] after this ship, referring to its original name.<ref name="GEUS">''Catalogue of place names in northern East Greenland'', Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland</ref>

The [[Scotia Sea]] at the edge of the Antarctic, south of Chile and Argentina, is named after this ship. Several other features in the region are named for the ship including several ridges, undersea basins, and in particular the tectonic [[Scotia Plate]].

==References==
{{reflist|20em}}
{{commons category|Scotia (ship, 1872)}}
;Sources
* {{cite book | last = Speak | first = Peter | year = 2003 | title = William Speirs Bruce: Polar Explorer and Scottish Nationalist | publisher = NMS Publishing | location = Edinburgh | isbn = 1-901663-71-X }}

{{Polar exploration|state=collapsed}}
{{January 1916 shipwrecks}}

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Scotia'' (barque)}}

[[Category:1872 ships]]
[[Category:Ships built in Norway]]
[[Category:Barques]]
[[Category:Sailing ships of Norway]]
[[Category:Merchant ships of Norway]]
[[Category:Research vessels of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Sailing ships of Scotland]]
[[Category:Steamships of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Merchant ships of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Weather ships]]
[[Category:World War I merchant ships of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in 1916]]
[[Category:Ship fires]]
[[Category:1872 in Norway]]
[[Category:1902 in Scotland]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in Wales]]
[[Category:1916 disasters in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:History of Glamorgan]]
[[Category:1916 in Wales]]