Editing Edgewood Arsenal human experiments (section)

==== Cholinesterase reactivator experiments ====
[[Pralidoxime|Cholinesterase reactivators]] are substances which reactivate [[acetylcholinesterase]] which has been inactivated by an [[anticholinesterase]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Jokanović |first1=Milan |last2=Stojiljković |first2=Miloš P. |date=December 2006 |title=Current understanding of the application of pyridinium oximes as cholinesterase reactivators in treatment of organophosphate poisoning |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0014299906010818 |journal=European Journal of Pharmacology |language=en |volume=553 |issue=1–3 |pages=10–17 |doi=10.1016/j.ejphar.2006.09.054|pmid=17109842 }}</ref><ref name=":0" /> This action can be precipitated through a variety of mechanisms, including directly binding and deactivating the anticholinesterase itself,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hackley |first1=B.E. |last2=Steinberg |first2=G.M. |last3=Lamb |first3=J.C. |date=January 1959 |title=Formation of potent inhibitors of AChE by reaction of pyridinaldoximes with isopropyl methylphosphonofluoridate (GB) |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0003-9861(59)90359-5 |journal=Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics |volume=80 |issue=1 |pages=211–214 |doi=10.1016/0003-9861(59)90359-5 |issn=0003-9861}}</ref> blocking the reaction between the anticholinesterase and the acetylcholinesterase,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Scaife |first=J. F. |date=1960-03-01 |title=Protection of Human Red Cell Cholinesterase Against Inhibition by Tabun and O,O-Diethyl-S-2-Diethylaminoethyl Phosphorothiolate |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/o60-033 |journal=Canadian Journal of Biochemistry and Physiology |volume=38 |issue=3 |pages=301–303 |doi=10.1139/o60-033 |issn=0576-5544}}</ref> changing the release of acetylcholine,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sánchez-Pastor |first1=Enrique |last2=Trujillo |first2=Xóchitl |last3=Huerta |first3=Miguel |last4=Andrade |first4=Felipa |date=2007-01-31 |title=Effects of Cannabinoids on Synaptic Transmission in the Frog Neuromuscular Junction |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1124/jpet.106.116319 |journal=Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics |volume=321 |issue=2 |pages=439–445 |doi=10.1124/jpet.106.116319 |pmid=17267583 |issn=0022-3565}}</ref> blocking acetylcholine's cholinolytic effect,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bethe |first1=K. |last2=Erdmann |first2=W.D. |last3=Lendle |first3=L. |last4=Schmidt |first4=G. |date=1957 |title=Spezifische Antidot-Behandlung bei protrahierter Vergiftung mit Alkylphosphaten (Paraoxon, Parathion, DFP) und Eserin an Meerschweinchen |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00246123 |journal=Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Archiv for Experimentelle Pathologie und Pharmakologie |volume=231 |issue=1 |doi=10.1007/bf00246123 |issn=0028-1298}}</ref> or by increasing the excretion of the anticholinesterase.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Heilbronn |first1=E. |last2=Appelgren |first2=I.-E. |last3=Sundwall |first3=A. |date=August 1964 |title=The fate of Tabun in atropine and atropine-oxime treated rats and mice |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-2952(64)90120-0 |journal=Biochemical Pharmacology |volume=13 |issue=8 |pages=1189–1195 |doi=10.1016/0006-2952(64)90120-0 |pmid=14222516 |issn=0006-2952}}</ref>

Available data from the experiments<ref name=":0" /> and from prescribing information<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=TNAA Atropine and Pralidoxime Chloride Auto-Injector – Full Prescribing Information |url=https://nctr-crs.fda.gov/fdalabel/services/spl/set-ids/596c7a8f-27cd-4de2-9491-476f43570b8b/spl-doc?hl=pralidoxime%20chloride |access-date= |website=FDALabel Version 2.9 |publisher=Meridian Medical Technologies, LLC}}</ref> from modern marketing of these substances concludes that little risk exists of long term effects from exposure. It is noted, however, in both the prescribing information for modern variants and in toxicological research on the subject that it has been the subject of insufficient research to conclude this beyond a reasonable doubt.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Voicu |first1=Victor |last2=Rădulescu |first2=Flavian Ştefan |last3=Medvedovici |first3=Andrei |date=Jan 2013 |title=Toxicological considerations of acetylcholinesterase reactivators |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1517/17425255.2013.736489 |journal=Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism & Toxicology |language=en |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=31–50 |doi=10.1517/17425255.2013.736489 |pmid=23176543 |issn=1742-5255}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> In total, 219 subjects were tested with 4 agents.<ref name=":0" />