Editing Barry Goldwater (section)

== Senator ==
[[File:Barry Goldwater 1952 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Goldwater's 1952 campaign portrait]]
Running as a Republican, Goldwater won a narrow upset victory seat in the [[1952 United States Senate election in Arizona|1952 Arizona Senate election]] against veteran Democrat and Senate Majority Leader [[Ernest McFarland]].  He won largely by defeating McFarland in his native [[Maricopa County]] by 12,600 votes, almost double the overall margin of 6,725 votes.

Goldwater defeated McFarland by a larger margin when he ran again in [[United States Senate elections, 1958|1958]]. Following his strong re-election showing, he became the first Arizona Republican to win a second term in the U.S. Senate. Goldwater's victory was all the more remarkable since it came in a year Democrats gained 13 seats in the Senate.

During his Senate career, Goldwater was regarded as the "Grand Old Man of the Republican Party and one of the nation's most respected exponents of conservatism".<ref>{{cite news|last1=Barnes|first1=Bart|title=Barry Goldwater, GOP Hero, Dies|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/daily/may98/goldwater30.htm|access-date=October 4, 2014|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=May 30, 1998|archive-date=August 3, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180803142615/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/daily/may98/goldwater30.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Criticism of the Eisenhower administration===
Goldwater was outspoken about the [[Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower|Eisenhower administration]], calling some of the policies of the Eisenhower administration too liberal for a Republican president. "Democrats delighted in pointing out that the junior senator was so headstrong that he had gone out his way to criticize the president of his own party."<ref>{{cite book |title=Goldwater: the man who made a revolution |last=Edwards |first=Lee |publisher=Regnery Publishing |year=1995 |isbn=0895264714 |location=Washington, D.C. |page=[https://archive.org/details/goldwater00leee/page/89 89] |url=https://archive.org/details/goldwater00leee/page/89 }}</ref> There was a Democratic majority in Congress for most of Eisenhower's career and Goldwater felt that [[Dwight D. Eisenhower|President Dwight Eisenhower]] was compromising too much with Democrats in order to get legislation passed. Early on in his career as a senator for Arizona, he criticized the $71.8&nbsp;billion budget that President Eisenhower sent to Congress, stating "Now, however, I am not so sure. A $71.8&nbsp;billion budget not only shocks me, but it weakens my faith."<ref>{{cite book|title=Before the Storm: Barry Goldwater and the Unmaking of the American Consensus |url=https://archive.org/details/beforestormbarry0000perl_k0s0 |url-access=registration |last=Perlstein |first=Rick |publisher=Nation Books |year=2009 |isbn=978-1568584126 |page=[https://archive.org/details/beforestormbarry0000perl_k0s0/page/33 33] |oclc=938852638 }}</ref> Goldwater opposed Eisenhower's pick of [[Earl Warren]] for [[Chief Justice of the United States]]. "The day that Eisenhower appointed Governor Earl Warren of California as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, Goldwater did not hesitate to express his misgivings."<ref>Edwards, p. 57</ref> However, Goldwater was present in the United States Senate on March 1, 1954, when Warren was unanimously confirmed,<ref>{{cite journal|title=Senate – March 1, 1954|journal=[[Congressional Record]]|volume=100|issue=2|publisher=[[United States Government Publishing Office|U.S. Government Printing Office]]|page=2381|url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1954-pt2/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1954-pt2-16-1.pdf|access-date=February 18, 2022|archive-date=February 19, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220219011557/https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1954-pt2/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1954-pt2-16-1.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> voted in favor of [[Dwight D. Eisenhower Supreme Court candidates|Eisenhower's nomination]] of [[John Marshall Harlan II]] on March 16, 1955,<ref>{{cite journal|title=Senate – March 16, 1955|journal=[[Congressional Record]]|volume=101|issue=3|publisher=[[United States Government Publishing Office|U.S. Government Printing Office]]|page=3036|url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1955-pt3/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1955-pt3-2-1.pdf|access-date=February 18, 2022|archive-date=February 19, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220219040035/https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1955-pt3/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1955-pt3-2-1.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> was present for the unanimous nominations of [[William J. Brennan Jr.]] and [[Charles Evans Whittaker]] on March 19, 1957,<ref>{{cite journal|title=Senate – March 19, 1957|journal=[[Congressional Record]]|volume=103|issue=3|publisher=[[United States Government Publishing Office|U.S. Government Printing Office]]|page=3946|url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1957-pt3/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1957-pt3-13-1.pdf|access-date=February 18, 2022|archive-date=February 19, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220219043638/https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1957-pt3/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1957-pt3-13-1.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> and voted in favor of the nomination of [[Potter Stewart]] on May 5, 1959.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Senate – May 5, 1959|journal=[[Congressional Record]]|volume=105|issue=6|publisher=[[United States Government Publishing Office|U.S. Government Printing Office]]|page=7472|url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1959-pt6/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1959-pt6-4-1.pdf|access-date=February 18, 2022|archive-date=February 19, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220219045119/https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1959-pt6/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1959-pt6-4-1.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Stance on civil rights===
In his first year in the Senate, Goldwater was responsible for the desegregation of the Senate cafeteria after he insisted that his black legislative assistant, Katherine Maxwell, be served along with every other Senate employee.<ref name="Edwards, Lee 1995 p.231">Edwards, Lee (1995) ''Goldwater: The Man Who Made a Revolution'' p. 231</ref>

Goldwater and the Eisenhower administration supported the integration of schools in the South, but Goldwater felt the states should choose how they wanted to integrate and should not be forced by the federal government. "Goldwater criticized the use of federal troops. He accused the Eisenhower administration of violating the [[Constitution of the United States|Constitution]] by assuming powers reserved by the states. While he agreed that under the law, every state should have integrated its schools, each state should integrate in its own way."<ref>Edwards, p. 233</ref> There were high-ranking government officials following Goldwater's critical stance on the Eisenhower administration, even an Army General. "Fulbright's startling revelation that military personnel were being indoctrinated with the idea that the policies of the Commander in Chief were treasonous dovetailed with the return to the news of the strange case of General [[Edwin Walker]]."<ref>Perlstein, p. 147</ref>

In his 1960 book ''[[The Conscience of a Conservative]]'', Goldwater stated that he supported the stated objectives of the Supreme Court's decision in ''[[Brown v. Board of Education]]'', but argued that the federal government had no role in ordering states to desegregate public schools. He wrote:<blockquote>"I believe that it ''is'' both wise and just for negro children to attend the same schools as whites, and that to deny them this opportunity carries with it strong implications of inferiority. I am not prepared, however, to impose that judgement of mine on the people of Mississippi or South Carolina, or to tell them what methods should be adopted and what pace should be kept in striving toward that goal. That is their business, not mine. I believe that the problem of race relations, like all social and cultural problems, is best handled by the people directly concerned. Social and cultural change, however desirable, should not be effected by the engines of national power."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Goldwater |first=Barry M. |url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001141317 |title=The conscience of a conservative |publisher=Victor Publishing Company Inc. |year=1960 |isbn= |edition= |location=Shepherdsville, Kentucky |pages=31–37}}</ref></blockquote>Goldwater voted in favor of both the [[Civil Rights Act of 1957]] and the [[Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution|24th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution]], but did not vote on the [[Civil Rights Act of 1960]] because he was absent from the chamber while [[Party leaders of the United States Senate|Senate Minority Whip]] [[Thomas Kuchel]] (R–CA) announced that Goldwater would have voted in favor if present.<ref name="1957 Civil Rights Act - 8-7-1957 Senate vote" /><ref name="1957 Civil Rights Act - 8-29-1957 Senate vote" /><ref name="1960 Civil Rights Act - 4-8-1960 Senate vote" /><ref name="24th Amendment - 3-27-1962 Senate vote" /> While he did vote in favor of it while in committee, Goldwater reluctantly voted against the [[Civil Rights Act of 1964]] when it came to the floor.<ref name="1964 Civil Rights Act - 6-19-1964 Senate vote" /> Later, Goldwater would state that he was mostly in support of the bill, but he disagreed with Titles II and VII, which both dealt with employment, making him imply that the law would end in the government dictating hiring and firing policy for millions of Americans.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.centralmaine.com/2014/07/19/goldwaters-vote-against-civil-rights-act-of-1964-unfairly-branded-him-a-racist/|title = Goldwater's vote against Civil Rights Act of 1964 unfairly branded him a racist|date = July 19, 2014|access-date = September 24, 2021|archive-date = September 24, 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210924043349/https://www.centralmaine.com/2014/07/19/goldwaters-vote-against-civil-rights-act-of-1964-unfairly-branded-him-a-racist/|url-status = live}}</ref> Congressional Republicans overwhelmingly supported the bill, with Goldwater being joined by only 5 other Republican senators in voting against it.<ref name="Bernard Cosman 1966" /><ref name="Charles S Bullock III 2012 p. 303">Charles S Bullock III, and Mark J. Rozell, ''The Oxford Handbook of Southern Politics'' (2012) p. 303</ref> It is likely that Goldwater significantly underestimated the effect this would have, as his vote against the bill hurt him with voters across the country, including from his own party. In the 1990s, Goldwater would call his vote on the Civil Rights Act, "one of his greatest regrets."<ref name="Edwards" /> Goldwater was absent from the Senate during President [[John F. Kennedy]]'s nomination of [[Byron White]] to Supreme Court on April 11, 1962,<ref>{{cite journal|title=Senate – April 11, 1962|journal=[[Congressional Record]]|volume=108|issue=5|publisher=[[United States Government Publishing Office|U.S. Government Printing Office]]|page=6332|url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1962-pt5/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1962-pt5-6-1.pdf|access-date=February 19, 2022|archive-date=February 19, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220219052726/https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1962-pt5/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1962-pt5-6-1.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> but was present when [[Arthur Goldberg]] was unanimously confirmed.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Senate – September 25, 1962|journal=[[Congressional Record]]|volume=108|issue=15|publisher=[[United States Government Publishing Office|U.S. Government Printing Office]]|page=20667|url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1962-pt15/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1962-pt15-6-2.pdf|access-date=February 19, 2022|archive-date=February 19, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220219053259/https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1962-pt15/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1962-pt15-6-2.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>