Editing Niacin (section)

==Dietary recommendations==

{| class="wikitable" style="float: right; margin-left: 2em;"
|+ Dietary recommendations
|
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="font-size: 80%; text-align: center; width:406px"
|-
|+ style="background: blue; color: white; font-size: 110%; text-align: center;" | Australia and New Zealand
|-
! scope="col" style="width:8em" | Age group
! scope="col" style="width:8em" | RDI for niacin (mg NE/day)<ref name=AusNZ />
! scope="col" style="width:8em" | Upper level of intake<ref name=AusNZ>{{cite web|url = http://www.nhmrc.gov.au/_files_nhmrc/file/publications/synopses/n35.pdf|title = Nutrient reference values for Australia and New Zealand|access-date = 19 June 2018|date = 9 September 2005|work = National Health and Medical Research Council|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170121003340/https://www.nhmrc.gov.au/_files_nhmrc/file/publications/synopses/n35.pdf|archive-date = 21 January 2017|url-status = dead}}</ref>
|-
| Infants 0–6 months || 2&nbsp;mg/d preformed niacin* || rowspan="2"| ND
|-
| Infants 7–12 months || 4&nbsp;mg/d NE*
|-
| 1–3 || 6 || 10
|-
| 4–8 || 8 || 15
|-
| 9–13 || 12 || 20
|-
| 14–18 || – || 30
|-
| 19+ || – || 35
|-
| Females 14+ || 14 || rowspan=2 | –
|-
| Males 14+ || 16
|-
| Pregnant females 14–50 || 18 || –
|-
| Pregnant females 14–18 || – || 30
|-
| Pregnant females 19–50 || – || 35
|-
| Lactating females 14–50 || 17 || –
|-
| Lactating females 14–18 || – || 30
|-
| Lactating females 19–50 || – || 35
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align: center;" | * Adequate Intake for infants<ref name=DRItext />
|-
|}
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="font-size: 80%; text-align: center; width:406px"
|-
|+ style="background: blue; color: white; font-size: 110%; text-align: center;" | Canada
|-
! scope="col" style="width:8em" | Age group (years)
! scope="col" style="width:8em" | RDA of niacin (mg NE/d)<ref name=HealthCanada>{{cite web|author=Health Canada|title=Dietary Reference Intakes|url=https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/food-nutrition/healthy-eating/dietary-reference-intakes/tables/reference-values-vitamins-dietary-reference-intakes-tables-2005.html|publisher=Government of Canada|access-date=20 June 2018|date=2005-07-20|archive-date=14 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614052711/https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/food-nutrition/healthy-eating/dietary-reference-intakes/tables/reference-values-vitamins-dietary-reference-intakes-tables-2005.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
! scope="col" style="width:8em" | Tolerable upper intake level<ref name=HealthCanada />
|-
| 0–6 months || 2&nbsp;mg/d preformed niacin* || rowspan=2| ND
|-
| 7–12 months || 4&nbsp;mg/d NE*
|-
| 1–3 || 6 || 10
|-
| 4–8 || 8 || 15
|-
| 9–13 || 12 || 20
|-
| Females 14–18 || 14 || rowspan=2| 30
|-
| Males 14–18 || 16
|-
| Females 19+ || 14 || rowspan=2| 35
|-
| Males 19+ || 16
|-
| Pregnant females <18 || 18 || 30
|-
| Pregnant females 18–50 || 18 || 35
|-
| Lactating females <18 || 17 || 30
|-
| Lactating females 18–50 || 17 || 35
|-
|}
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="font-size: 80%; text-align: center; width:406px"
|-
|+ style="background: blue; color: white; font-size: 110%; text-align: center;" | European Food Safety Authority
|-
! scope="col" width=8em | Gender
! colspan=2 width=16em | Adequate Intake (mg NE/MJ)<ref name=EFSA>{{cite web|url=http://www.efsa.europa.eu/sites/default/files/efsa_rep/blobserver_assets/ndatolerableuil.pdf|title=Tolerable Upper Intake Levels for Vitamins and Minerals|date=February 2006|publisher=European Food Safety Authority|access-date=18 June 2018|archive-date=16 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316225123/http://www.efsa.europa.eu/sites/default/files/efsa_rep/blobserver_assets/ndatolerableuil.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| Females || colspan=2 width="8em"| 1.3
|-
| Males || colspan=2 width="8em"| 1.6
|-
! scope="col" style="width:8em" | Age (years)
! scope="col" style="width:8em" | Tolerable upper limit of Nicotinic acid (mg/day)<ref name=EFSA />
! scope="col" style="width:8em" | Tolerable upper limit of Nicotinamide (mg/day)<ref name=EFSA />
|-
| 1–3 || 2 || 150
|-
| 4–6 || 3 || 220
|-
| 7–10 || 4 || 350
|-
| 11–14 || 6 || 500
|-
| 15–17 || 8 || 700
|-
|}
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="font-size: 80%; text-align: center; width:406px"
|-
|+ style="background: blue; color: white; font-size: 110%; text-align: center;" | United States
|-
! scope="col" style="width:8em" | Age group
! scope="col" style="width:8em" | RDA for niacin (mg NE/day)
! scope="col" style="width:8em" | Tolerable upper intake level<ref name="DRItext">{{cite book |last1= Institute of Medicine |title= Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline |chapter= Niacin |publisher= The National Academies Press |year= 1998 |location= Washington, DC |pages= 123–149 |chapter-url= https://www.nap.edu/read/6015/chapter/8 |access-date= 29 August 2018 |isbn= 978-0-309-06554-2 |archive-date= 1 September 2018 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180901175650/https://www.nap.edu/read/6015/chapter/8 |url-status= live }}</ref>
|-
| Infants 0–6 months || 2* || rowspan="2"| ND**
|-
| Infants 6–12 months || 4*
|-
| 1–3 || 6 || 10
|-
| 4–8 || 8 || 15
|-
| 9–13 || 12 || 20
|-
| Females 14–18 || 14 || 30
|-
| Males 14–18 || 16 || 30
|-
| Females 19+ || 14 || 35
|-
| Males 19+ || 16 || 35
|-
| Pregnant females 14–18 || 18 || 30
|-
| Pregnant females 19–50 || 18 || 35
|-
| Lactating females 14–18 || 17 || 30
|-
| Lactating females 19–50 || 17 || 35
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align: center;" | * Adequate intake for infants, as an RDA has yet to be established<br />** Not possible to establish; source of intake should be formula and food only<ref name=DRItext />
|-
|}
|}
The U.S. Institute of Medicine (renamed [[National Academy of Medicine]] in 2015) updated Estimated Average Requirements (EARs) and Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) for niacin in 1998, also [[Tolerable upper intake levels]] (ULs). In lieu of an RDA, Adequate Intakes (AIs) are identified for populations for which there is not sufficient evidence to identify a dietary intake level that is sufficient to meet the nutrient requirements of most people.<ref name=DRIExplain /> (see table).

The [[European Food Safety Authority]] (EFSA) refers to the collective set of information as Dietary Reference Values (DRV), with Population Reference Intake (PRI) instead of RDA, and Average Requirement instead of EAR. For the EU, AIs and ULs have the same definition as in the US, except that units are milligrams per megajoule (MJ) of energy consumed rather than mg/day. For women (including those pregnant or lactating), men and children the PRI is 1.6&nbsp;mg per megajoule. As the conversion is 1 MJ = 239 kcal, an adult consuming 2390 kilocalories should be consuming 16&nbsp;mg niacin. This is comparable to US RDAs (14&nbsp;mg/day for adult women, 16&nbsp;mg/day for adult men).<ref name="EFSAtext">{{cite web| title = Overview on Dietary Reference Values for the EU population as derived by the EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies| year = 2017| url = https://www.efsa.europa.eu/sites/default/files/assets/DRV_Summary_tables_jan_17.pdf| access-date = 31 August 2017| archive-date = 28 August 2017| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170828082247/https://www.efsa.europa.eu/sites/default/files/assets/DRV_Summary_tables_jan_17.pdf| url-status = live}}</ref>

ULs are established by identifying amounts of vitamins and minerals that cause adverse effects, and then selecting as an upper limit amounts that are the "maximum daily intake unlikely to cause adverse health effects."<ref name=DRIExplain>{{cite web |url=https://ods.od.nih.gov/Health_Information/Dietary_Reference_Intakes.aspx |title=Nutrient Recommendations: Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) |website=National Institutes of Health, Office of Dietary Supplements |access-date=30 June 2020 |archive-date=2 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200702082029/https://ods.od.nih.gov/Health_Information/Dietary_Reference_Intakes.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> Regulatory agencies from different countries do not always agree. For the US, 30 or 35&nbsp;mg for teenagers and adults, less for children.<ref name="DRItext"/> The EFSA UL for adults is set at 10&nbsp;mg/day - about one-third of the US value. For all of the government ULs, the term applies to niacin as a supplement consumed as one dose, and is intended as a limit to avoid the skin flush reaction. This explains why for EFSA, the recommended daily intake can be higher than the UL.<ref>{{cite web| title = Tolerable Upper Intake Levels For Vitamins And Minerals| publisher = European Food Safety Authority| year = 2006| url = http://www.efsa.europa.eu/sites/default/files/efsa_rep/blobserver_assets/ndatolerableuil.pdf| access-date = 9 March 2016| archive-date = 16 March 2016| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160316225123/http://www.efsa.europa.eu/sites/default/files/efsa_rep/blobserver_assets/ndatolerableuil.pdf| url-status = live}}</ref>

Both the DRI and DRV describe amounts needed as niacin equivalents (NE), calculated as 1&nbsp;mg NE = 1&nbsp;mg niacin or 60&nbsp;mg of the essential amino acid tryptophan. This is because the amino acid is utilized to synthesize the vitamin.<ref name="DRItext" /><ref name="EFSAtext" />

For U.S. food and dietary supplement labeling purposes the amount in a serving is expressed as a percent of [[Daily Value]] (%DV). For niacin labeling purposes 100% of the Daily Value is 16&nbsp;mg. Prior to 27 May 2016 it was 20&nbsp;mg, revised to bring it into agreement with the RDA.<ref name="FedReg">{{cite web|url=https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2016-05-27/pdf/2016-11867.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2016-05-27/pdf/2016-11867.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |title=Federal Register May 27, 2016 Food Labeling: Revision of the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Daily Value Reference of the Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD) | website=Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD) | url=https://www.dsld.nlm.nih.gov/dsld/dailyvalue.jsp | access-date=16 May 2020 | archive-date=7 April 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407073956/https://dsld.nlm.nih.gov/dsld/dailyvalue.jsp | url-status=dead }}</ref> 
Compliance with the updated labeling regulations was required by 1 January 2020 for manufacturers with [[US$]]10&nbsp;million or more in annual food sales, and by 1 January 2021 for manufacturers with lower volume food sales.<ref name="FDAdelay">{{cite web | title=Changes to the Nutrition Facts Label | website=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) | date=27 May 2016 | url=https://www.fda.gov/food/food-labeling-nutrition/changes-nutrition-facts-label | access-date=16 May 2020 | archive-date=6 May 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180506080421/https://www.fda.gov/Food/GuidanceRegulation/GuidanceDocumentsRegulatoryInformation/LabelingNutrition/ucm385663.htm | url-status=live }} {{PD-notice}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Industry Resources on the Changes to the Nutrition Facts Label | website=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) | date=21 December 2018 | url=https://www.fda.gov/food/food-labeling-nutrition/industry-resources-changes-nutrition-facts-label | access-date=16 May 2020 | archive-date=25 December 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201225063145/https://www.fda.gov/food/food-labeling-nutrition/industry-resources-changes-nutrition-facts-label | url-status=live }} {{PD-notice}}</ref> A table of the old and new adult daily values is provided at [[Reference Daily Intake]].