Editing Illuminati (1700s) (section)

==Barruel and Robison==
Between 1797 and 1798, French Jesuit priest and political writer [[Augustin Barruel]]'s ''[[Memoirs Illustrating the History of Jacobinism]]'' and British physicist [[John Robison (physicist)|John Robison]]'s ''Proofs of a Conspiracy'' publicised the theory that the Illuminati had survived and represented an ongoing international conspiracy. This included the claim that it was behind the [[French Revolution]]. Both books proved to be very popular, spurring reprints and paraphrases by others.<ref>{{cite book|title=Romanticism, Nationalism, and the Revolt Against Theory|last=Simpson|first=David|year=1993|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-75945-6|page=88}}.</ref> A prime example of this is ''Proofs of the Real Existence, and Dangerous Tendency, Of Illuminism'' by Reverend Seth Payson, published in 1802.<ref>{{cite book|title=Proofs of the Real Existence, and Dangerous Tendency, Of Illuminism|last=Payson|first=Seth|year=1802|publisher=Samuel Etheridge|location=Charlestown|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZEMAAAAAYAAJ|access-date=27 January 2011}}</ref> Some of the response to this was critical, for example Jean-Joseph Mounier's ''On the Influence Attributed to Philosophers, Free-Masons, and to the Illuminati on the Revolution of France''.<ref name="Tise">{{cite book|title=The American Counterrevolution: A Retreat from Liberty, 1783–1800|last=Tise|first=Larry|year=1998|publisher=Stackpole Books|isbn=978-0-8117-0100-6|pages=351–53}}</ref><ref name="Jefferson">{{cite letter|first=Thomas|last=Jefferson|recipient=Nicolas Gouin Dufief|subject='There has been a book written lately by DuMousnier ...'|date=17 November 1802|url=http://press.princeton.edu/chapters/s9880.pdf|access-date=26 October 2013}}</ref>

The works of Robison and Barruel made their way to the United States and across [[New England]]. The Rev. [[Jedidiah Morse]], an orthodox Congregational minister and geographer, was among those who delivered sermons against the Illuminati. In fact, one of the first accounts of the Illuminati to be printed in the United States was Morse's Fast Day sermon of 9 May 1798. Morse had been alerted to the publication in Europe of Robison's ''Proofs of a Conspiracy'' by a letter from the Rev. John Erskine of Edinburgh, and he read ''Proofs'' shortly after copies published in Europe arrived by ship in March of that year. Other anti-Illuminati writers, such as Timothy Dwight, soon followed in their condemnation of the imagined group of conspirators.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Fraser|first=Gordon|date=November 2018|title=Conspiracy, Pornography, Democracy: The Recurrent Aesthetics of the American Illuminati|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-american-studies/article/conspiracy-pornography-democracy-the-recurrent-aesthetics-of-the-american-illuminati/906DDB8C8B609BFC4FD7FA7233D570DC|journal=Journal of American Studies|volume=54|issue=2|pages=273–294|via=Cambridge Core|doi=10.1017/S0021875818001408|s2cid=150279924}}</ref>

Printed sermons were followed by newspaper accounts and these figured in the partisan political discourse leading up to the [[1800 United States presidential election|1800 U.S. presidential election]].<ref name="Stauffer PhD diss.">[https://books.google.com/books/about/New_England_and_the_Bavarian_Illuminati.html?id=nvY7AAAAIAAJ Stauffer, Vernon (1918). "New England and the Bavarian Illuminati." PhD diss., Columbia Univ.], pp. 282–283, 304–305, 307, 317, 321, 345–360. Retrieved July 14, 2019</ref> The subsequent panic also contributed to the development of gothic literature in the United States. At least two novels from the period make reference to the crisis: ''[[Ormond; or, the Secret Witness|Ormond; or, The Secret Witness]]'' (1799) and ''Julia, and the Illuminated Baron'' (1800).<ref>{{Cite book|last=Wood|first=Sally Sayward Barrell Keating|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/55824226|title=Julia, and the illuminated baron: a novel: founded on recent facts, which have transpired in the course of the late revolution of moral principles in France.|date=1800|publisher=Printed at the United States' Oracle Press, by Charles Peirce, (proprietor of the work.)|location=Portsmouth, New-Hampshire|language=en|oclc=55824226}}</ref> Some scholars, moreover, have linked the panic over the alleged Illuminati conspiracy to fears about immigration from the Caribbean and about potential slave rebellions.<ref name=":0" /> Concern died down in the first decade of the 1800s, although it revived from time to time in the [[Anti-Masonic Party|Anti-Masonic movement]] of the 1820s and 30s.<ref name="Stauffer" />