Editing Göbekli Tepe (section)

== Dawn of village life ==
Göbekli Tepe was built and occupied during the earliest part of the Southwest Asian [[Neolithic]], known as the [[Pre-Pottery Neolithic]] (PPN, {{BCE|{{Circa|9600}}–7000}}).{{sfn|Gresky|Haelm|Clare|2017}} Beginning at the end of the [[Pleistocene|last Ice Age]], the PPN marks "the beginnings of village life",{{sfn|Banning|2002}} producing the earliest evidence for permanent [[human settlement]]s in the world.{{sfn|Banning|2002}}{{sfn|Watkins|2017}} Archaeologists have long associated the appearance of these settlements with the [[Neolithic Revolution]]—the transition from [[hunting and gathering]] to agriculture—but disagree on whether the adoption of farming caused people to settle down, or settling down caused people to adopt farming.{{sfn|Watkins|2010}} Despite the name, the Neolithic Revolution in Southwest Asia was "drawn out and locally variable".{{sfn|Hodder|2018}} Elements of village life appeared as early as 10,000 years before the Neolithic in places,{{sfn|Zeder|Smith|2009}}{{sfn|Maher|Richter|Stock|2012}} and the transition to agriculture took thousands of years, with different paces and trajectories in different regions.{{sfn|Fuller|Willcox|Allaby|2012}}{{sfn|Arbuckle|2014}} Archaeologists divide the Pre-Pottery Neolithic into two subperiods: the [[Pre-Pottery Neolithic A]] (PPNA, {{BCE|{{Circa|9600}}–8800 }}) and the [[Pre-Pottery Neolithic B]] (PPNB, {{Circa|8800}} and {{BCE|7000}}).{{sfn|Watkins|2017}} The earliest phases at Göbekli Tepe have been dated to the PPNA; later phases to the PPNB.{{sfn|Kinzel|Clare|2020|pp=32–33}}

Evidence indicates the inhabitants of Göbekli Tepe were [[hunter-gatherer]]s who supplemented their diet with early forms of domesticated cereal and lived in villages for at least part of the year. Tools such as grinding stones and mortars and pestles found at the site have been analyzed and suggest considerable cereal processing. Archaeozoological evidence hints at "large-scale hunting of gazelle between midsummer and autumn."{{sfn|Dietrich et al.|2019}}

PPN villages consisted mainly of clusters of stone or [[mud brick]] houses,{{sfn|Banning|2002}} but sometimes also substantial monuments and large buildings.{{sfn|Watkins|2017}} These include the tower and walls at [[Tell es-Sultan]] (Jericho), as well as large, roughly contemporaneous circular buildings at Göbekli Tepe, [[Nevalı Çori]], [[Çayönü]], [[Wadi Feynan 16]], [[Jerf el Ahmar|Jerf el-Ahmar]], [[Tell 'Abr 3]], and [[Tepe Asiab]].{{sfn|Richter et al.|2021|p=2}} Archaeologists typically associate these structures with communal activities which, together with the communal effort needed to build them, helped to maintain social interactions in PPN communities as they grew in size.{{sfn|Richter et al.|2021|pp=15–17}}

The T-shaped pillar tradition seen at Göbekli Tepe is unique to the Urfa region, but is found at the majority of PPN sites there.{{sfn|Güler|Çelik|Güler|2012}} These include Nevalı Çori, [[Hamzan Tepe]],{{sfn|Çelik|2010}} [[Karahan Tepe]],{{sfn|Çelik|2011}} [[Harbetsuvan Tepesi]],{{sfn|Çelik|2016}} [[Sefer Tepe]],{{sfn|Güler|Çelik|Güler|2012}} and [[Taslı Tepe]].{{sfn|Güler|Çelik|Güler|2013}} Other stone [[stelae]]—without the characteristic T shape—have been documented at contemporary sites further afield, including Çayönü, [[Qermez Dere]], and [[Gusir Höyük]].{{sfn|Dietrich|2016a}}
{{Location map+ | Turkey Şanlıurfa
|relief=1
|width=300
|float=right
|caption=Known PPN sites in the Urfa region.{{sfn|Moetz|Çelik|2012}}{{sfn|Güler|Çelik|Güler|2013}}{{sfn|Çelik|2016}} Sites with T-shaped pillars are marked with [[File:Emojione BW 1F1F9.svg|13px]].
|places=
  {{Location map~ | Turkey Şanlıurfa
      | label = Göbekli Tepe
      | position = top
      | background = white  
      | label_width = 150
      | lat_deg = 37.22
      | lon_deg = 38.92
      | mark = Emojione BW 1F1F9.svg
      | marksize = 13
  }}
  {{Location map~ | Turkey Şanlıurfa
      | label = [[Karahan Tepe]]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
      | label_width = 8
      | position = top
      | lat_deg = 37.09
      | lon_deg = 39.30 
      | mark = Emojione BW 1F1F9.svg
      | marksize = 13
  }}
  {{Location map~ | Turkey Şanlıurfa
      | label = <!--[[Hamzan Tepe]]-->
      | position = left
      | lat_deg = 37.08
      | lon_deg = 38.80 
      | mark = Emojione BW 1F1F9.svg
      | marksize = 13
  }}
  {{Location map~ | Turkey Şanlıurfa
      | label = <!--[[Urfa Yeni Yol]]-->
      | position = left
      | lat_deg = 37.16
      | lon_deg = 38.79 
      | mark = Emojione BW 1F1F9.svg
      | marksize = 13
  }}
  {{Location map~ | Turkey Şanlıurfa
      | label = [[Nevalı Çori]]
      | lat_deg = 37.52
      | lon_deg = 38.61 
      | mark = Emojione BW 1F1F9.svg
      | marksize = 13
  }}
  {{Location map~ | Turkey Şanlıurfa
      | label = <!--[[Sefer Tepe]]-->
      | lat_deg = 37.19
      | lon_deg = 39.49 
      | mark = Emojione BW 1F1F9.svg
      | marksize = 13
  }}
<!-- Unknown coordinates, may or may not be considered a T-shaped pillar site
  {{Location map~ | Turkey Şanlıurfa
      | label = [[Kilisik]]
      | lat_deg = 
      | lon_deg = 
      | mark = Emojione BW 1F1F9.svg
      | marksize = 12
  }}
-->
  {{Location map~ | Turkey Şanlıurfa
      | label = <!--[[Herzo Tepe]]-->
      | lat_deg = 37.15
      | lon_deg = 39.50 
      | mark = Emojione BW 1F1F4.svg
      | marksize = 13
  }}
  {{Location map~ | Turkey Şanlıurfa
      | label = <!--[[Başaran Höyük]]-->
      | position = bottom
      | lat_deg = 37.13
      | lon_deg = 39.49 
      | mark = Emojione BW 1F1F4.svg
      | marksize = 13
  }}
  {{Location map~ | Turkey Şanlıurfa
      | label = <!--[[Kocanizam Tepe]]-->
      | position = left
      | label_width = 8
      | lat_deg = 37.21
      | lon_deg = 39.48 
      | mark = Emojione BW 1F1F9.svg
      | marksize = 13
  }}
  {{Location map~ | Turkey Şanlıurfa
      | label = <!--[[Taşlı Tepe]]-->
      | position = top
      | lat_deg = 37.37
      | lon_deg = 39.28 
      | mark = Emojione BW 1F1F9.svg
      | marksize = 13
  }}
  {{Location map~ | Turkey Şanlıurfa
      | label = <!--[[İnanlı Tepe]]-->
      | position = left
      | lat_deg = 37.26
      | lon_deg = 39.41 
      | mark = Emojione BW 1F1F4.svg
      | marksize = 13
  }}
  {{Location map~ | Turkey Şanlıurfa
      | label = <!--[[Harbetsuvan Tepesi]]-->
      | position = left
      | lat_deg = 37.05
      | lon_deg = 39.25 
      | mark = Emojione BW 1F1F9.svg
      | marksize = 13
  }}
}}